Human Systems (X)

Summary. The people side of the architecture: flight crew, ground and mission teams, and a "human-centered approach to design, development, operation, and performance of systems" (ADD Rev C, p. 42). The ADD calls it "unique from hardware-based sub-architectures". It has no element. Eleven technology gaps list it, all of them also listing Humans to Mars, and none is named in the Moon Base Users Guide (near-term). Decomposition letter: X.

NASA's description

"This sub-architecture comprises the capabilities of flight crew, ground/mission teams, and systems required to develop and execute safe and successful crewed and uncrewed missions.

The Human Systems sub-architecture focuses on providing an integrated, multidisciplinary, human-centered approach to design, development, operation, and performance of systems. While Human Systems is tightly coupled with all the other sub-architectures, it is also unique from hardware-based sub-architectures and includes the domains of human factors, habitability and environment, operations, training, maintainability and supportability, and safety.

Thus, the Human Systems sub-architecture addresses human health and well-being, safety, risks, concept of operations, human/hardware/software interfaces and interactions in various environments, functional architecture, design integration, requirements development, verification and validation, and flight certification considerations." (ADD Rev C, p. 42)

In the segments

The segment sections don't name this sub-architecture. Related passages (ADD Rev C):

• Human Lunar Return science includes "plant, model organism/systems, and human physiological responses in partial-gravity environments (HBS-1)" (p. 25).
• Foundational Exploration "helps evaluate the systems, operations, human adaptations, and technologies required for Mars" (p. 22). Its "Extended Cislunar Operations at Gateway" mission allows "long-term physiological, psychological, team performance, and operational assessments of crew and systems as precursors to Mars missions", including "remote diagnosis and treatment of crew health issues" (p. 30).
• Humans to Mars. "Researching human health and performance in the context of Mars missions" is an area of future work (p. 39).

Elements

None in Rev C (segment tables, pp. 26, 31–32). The ADD notes that "crew members (i.e., astronauts)" also satisfy many use cases and functions (p. 45); see the elements index.

Technology gaps

Eleven gaps list this sub-architecture (derived from the tech gaps spreadsheet, Sub-Architectures column). None is named in the Moon Base Users Guide (near-term). All eleven list Humans to Mars; none lists Foundational Exploration except #0307 and #1005.

Gap	Rating
#0307 Radiation Monitoring and Forecasting	17
#1005 Safe Human-Robot Interaction and Teaming	28
#0803 EVA and IVA Suits for Mars Missions	31
#1004 Trustworthy Autonomy for Planning and Decision-making	33
#0402 Sensorimotor Countermeasures	39
#0401 Crew Exercise Countermeasures	40
#0403 Physiological Countermeasures	41
#0404 Behavioral Countermeasures	42
#0406 Spacesuit Physiology	43
#0405 Exploration Medical Capabilities	46
#0308 Radiation Countermeasures	47

In the February 2024 workshop briefing

Older than Rev B and Rev C. The February 2024 workshop briefed a 2023 white paper on human health and performance for Mars, which the wiki doesn't hold (source page):

• Five hazards and 32 risks. "Radiation", "Isolation & Confinement", "Distance from Earth", "Gravity Fields" and "Environments", with human system risks under each (2, 2, 5, 12 and 11 by the wiki's count; slide 4), and a chart of how they interact, several of them converging on "Reduced EVA Performance" (slide 5).
• What the architecture must provide, in four lists (slides 6–9): "Integrated Autonomous Medical Systems", food, hydration, in-flight training and exercise hardware; vehicle shielding and "solar system monitoring", private sleep quarters, acoustics, "Automated entry, descent and landing … to compensate for the crew's sensorimotor deficits"; ECLSS filtration against "celestial dust" and automated environmental monitoring; suits that "minimize crew injury and maximize crew performance", with "Proper lighting at South Pole -Lunar".

Most items are subjects of the gaps above and of Habitation gaps (#0304, #0305); the pairing is the wiki's, the slides cite no gap. A Mars science breakout at the same workshop said crew health research has "Minimal architectural drivers for characterizing crew health and performance on Mars" and that "Architectural drivers for the human are covered in the Human Health and Performance White Paper" (Mars science breakout, slide 2). What changed by Rev C (the wiki's comparison): the countermeasure and medical gaps that answer many of these risks are rated 39 to 46 of 57, and automated landing for crew deficits has no gap of its own.

Moon Base Phase 1

The Users Guide has no Human Systems group. One function with this sub-architecture's letter, FN-X-103 L ("Provide crew countermeasure system(s) to support the crew for moderate durations (month+) on the lunar surface"), is listed in its Habitation group (Users Guide, p. 9; Phase 1 functional gaps). Human factors is one of the guide's Mars-forward areas (Mars-forward).

Related pages

Sub-architectures · Habitation Systems · Humans to Mars · Gaps index

Sources

ADD Rev C, pp. 22, 25–26, 30–32, 39–40, 42, 45 · Tech gaps spreadsheet · Users Guide, p. 9 · Human health and performance briefing, February 2024, slides 4–9 · Mars science breakout, February 2024, slide 2